{"id":1986,"date":"2017-01-29T14:45:42","date_gmt":"2017-01-29T14:45:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/?page_id=1986"},"modified":"2025-05-04T18:57:06","modified_gmt":"2025-05-04T18:57:06","slug":"birmingham-trail-22","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/local-geology\/building-stone-trails\/birmingham-trail-22\/","title":{"rendered":"Birmingham Trail 2.2"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Birmingham Building Stones Trails<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"center\">\n<ul class=\"pagination\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-11\">Trail 1<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"pagination\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-21\">\u276e Previous<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-21\">2.1<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"active\" href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-22\">2.2<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-23\">2.3<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-23\">Next \u276f<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"pagination\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-31\">Trail 3<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h4>Trail 2: Centenary Square to Brindleyplace <em>continued<\/em><\/h4>\n<div style=\"margin:0 auto; width:850px;\">\n<p><div class=\"leaflet-map WPLeafletMap\" style=\"height:600px; width:850px;\"><\/div><script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMapShortcode() {\/*<script>*\/\nvar baseUrl = atob('aHR0cHM6Ly97c30udGlsZS5vcGVuc3RyZWV0bWFwLm9yZy97en0ve3h9L3t5fS5wbmc=');\nvar base = (!baseUrl && window.MQ) ?\n    window.MQ.mapLayer() : L.tileLayer(baseUrl,\n        L.Util.extend({}, {\n            detectRetina: 0,\n        },\n        {\"subdomains\":\"abc\",\"noWrap\":false,\"maxZoom\":20}        )\n    );\n    var options = L.Util.extend({}, {\n        layers: [base],\n        attributionControl: false\n    },\n    {\"zoomControl\":true,\"scrollWheelZoom\":false,\"doubleClickZoom\":false,\"fitBounds\":false,\"minZoom\":0,\"maxZoom\":20,\"maxBounds\":null,\"attribution\":\"<a href=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/leafletjs.com\\\" title=\\\"A JS library for interactive maps\\\">Leaflet<\\\/a>; \\u00a9 <a href=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.openstreetmap.org\\\/copyright\\\">OpenStreetMap<\\\/a> contributors\"},\n    {});\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.createMap(options).setView([52.47855,-1.90955],18);});<\/script><script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletScaleShortcode() {window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.createScale({});});<\/script><\/p>\n<script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMarkerShortcode() {\/*<script>*\/\nvar map = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentMap();\nvar group = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentGroup();\nvar marker_options = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getIconOptions({\"title\":\"1. 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Central Square, Brindleyplace&lt;\/a&gt;'));window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.markers.push( marker );\n        });<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>We turn our attention now to the paving and furniture used in the refurbished Centenary Square.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong id=\"05\">5. Centenary Square<\/strong><br \/>\nThe new-look centenary square (from 2019) now boasts natural stone where previously there was ornamental brickwork. Four varieties of igneous rock have been used in the paving and furniture.  They are all from eastern China and are of late Jurassic to Cretaceous age (160-130Ma), associated with major tectonic activity covering a distance of over 4000km, and all are marketed as &#8216;granites&#8217;.  The light grey-white stone used for the furniture is a two-mica granite, in keeping with the foundations of the older buildings seen so far. This is known in the trade as &#8216;Caesar White&#8217; and comes from Shandong Province, to the north of Shanghai. The red-coloured stone is used as paving setts around the Square, with larger slabs around Baskerville House giving a better chance to see the structure and texture of this stone. It formed as an extrusive lava deposit, and many of the stones show evidence of flow-banding. Marketed as &#8216;New Shiraz&#8217;, it comes from Fujian Province, several hundred kilometres south of Shanghai.  Also from Fujian province is the buff-yellow stone, providing colourful contrasting setts.  The black &#8216;granite&#8217; (more likely an extrusive igneous rock) is used to line the central water feature, and this comes from Hebei Province, the northernmost source of the four stone types used in the Square.<\/p>\n<p><em>Turn towards the colonnaded building on the south side of the Square, and cross Broad Street to have a closer look.<\/em><br \/>\n<div id=\"attachment_4507\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4507\" src=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1230870cut-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"The Exchange \u2013 University of Birmingham (originally the Birmingham Municipal Savings Bank)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" class=\"size-large wp-image-4507\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1230870cut-1024x575.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1230870cut-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1230870cut-150x84.jpg 150w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1230870cut-768x431.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1230870cut-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1230870cut-2048x1150.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-4507\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Exchange \u2013 University of Birmingham (originally the Birmingham Municipal Savings Bank)<\/p><\/div><strong id=\"06\">6. The Exchange &#8211; University of Birmingham (originally the Birmingham Municipal Savings Bank)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Like the Hall of Memory and Baskerville House, this imposing building is built from <strong style=\"color:darkgreen\">Portland Whitbed<\/strong> stone. It was originally the Birmingham Municipal Savings Bank, opened in 1933 and also designed by T. Cecil Howitt, who went on to build Baskerville House. The building was acquired by the University of Birmingham in 2016, and after refurbishment opened as &#8216;The Exchange&#8217; in September 2021. Once again we see the theme of Portland Stone and Cornish Granite being used here. This building has that impenetrable look of a bank, with few windows and weighty, rusticated masonry. The portico is supported by Ionic columns and the windows on the ground floor are heavily barred. Good examples of oyster shell <span title=\"A lag deposit is the deposition of material winnowed by physical action. Aeolian processes, fluvial processes, and tidal processes can remove the finer portion of a sedimentary deposit leaving the coarser material behind.\" rel=\"tooltip\" class=\"tooltipred\">lags<\/span> can be observed in the columns and also weathering out on the ashlar masonry. The foundations of the bank are in a brownish <strong style=\"color:darkgreen\">Cornish Granite<\/strong>. The two micas can be seen, with the muscovite more obvious on sunny days. Very roughly aligned, brick-shaped \u2018small <span title=\"A megacryst is a crystal or grain that is considerably larger than the encircling matrix. They are found in igneous and metamorphic rocks.\" rel=\"tooltip\" class=\"tooltipred\">megacrysts<\/span>\u2019 of feldspar are set in a matrix rich in smoky, brown quartz. Granites with these textures were obtained from the Carnmenellis and Bodmin Plutons of the Cornubian Batholith.<div id=\"attachment_4399\" style=\"width: 660px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4399\" src=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/20210321_090923CutColour93-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Symphony Hall with new frontage\" width=\"650\" height=\"366\" class=\"size-large wp-image-4399\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/20210321_090923CutColour93-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/20210321_090923CutColour93-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/20210321_090923CutColour93-150x84.jpg 150w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/20210321_090923CutColour93-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/20210321_090923CutColour93.jpg 1098w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-4399\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Symphony Hall with new frontage<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4508\" style=\"width: 235px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4508\" src=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1230868-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"\u2018The Golden Boys\u2019\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4508\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1230868-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1230868-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1230868-113x150.jpg 113w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1230868-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1230868-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1230868-scaled.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-4508\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u2018The Golden Boys\u2019<\/p><\/div>\n<p><em>Walk towards the Golden Boys Statue at the west end of Centenary Square, and the impressive new frontage of Symphony Hall. This new development has extended Symphony Hall with a grand new foyer, replacing the former granite fa\u00e7ade with extensive use of plate glass.<\/em> <\/p>\n<p><strong id=\"07\">7. \u2018The Golden Boys\u2019<\/strong><br \/>\nThis gilded sculpture of engineers Matthew Boulton, James Watt and William Murdoch is by William Bloye and Raymond Forbes-Kings. Originally installed in 1956, the statue was restored and re-gilded in 2006 then stored for five years during redevelopment of Centenary Square and installed in its new location in April 2022. The plinth is of <strong style=\"color:darkgreen\">Portland Whitbed<\/strong>, as described above for the Hall of Memory. Fragments of large oyster shells can be seen weathering out of the oolitic limestone matrix.<br \/>\n&nbsp;<br \/>\n<em>Walk to the corner of Symphony Hall then along Broad Street, and stop to look at the fa\u00e7ade of the original Symphony Hall building.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong id=\"08\">8. Symphony Hall<\/strong><br \/>\nBuilt in the post-modern style it is part of a complex which includes the International Convention Centre and the Hyatt Regency Hotel. It was designed under a consortium by Percy Thomas Partnership and Renton Wood Howard Levin. It was built between 1987 and 1991 and was not met with universal approval. Foster (2007) describes it as \u2018architecturally a huge disappointment\u2019; nevertheless it has fulfilled its use and many of the facilities are designed to a high specification. The new (2021) foyer and fa\u00e7ade was designed by architects Page\\Park following a competition, and has given Symphony Hall a face-lift and new facilities. The use of glass and concrete has deprived the Centenary Square frontage of its former granite cladding, but there is still plenty of natural stone to see along the Broad Street fa\u00e7ade.  As was very much the trend at the time, the original building is clad with granite, predominantly white with a red stone used for bands and for columns on the Broad Street fa\u00e7ade.<div id=\"attachment_4175\" style=\"width: 260px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4175\" src=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1160409cc.jpg\" alt=\"Symphony Hall\" width=\"250\" height=\"219\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4175\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1160409cc.jpg 400w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1160409cc-300x261.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1160409cc-150x131.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-4175\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Symphony Hall; grey Sardinian Granite and red Balmoral Granite.<\/p><\/div>The grey granite is <strong style=\"color:darkgreen\">Sardinian Grey Granite<\/strong>, also known as Grigio Perla (grey pearl). This is a Variscan Granite from the Buddoso Pluton on the Italian island of Sardinia, aged around 280-290Ma. It has a distinctive texture, being slightly <span title=\"Porphyritic is an adjective used in geology, specifically for igneous rocks, for a rock that has a distinct difference in the size of the crystals, with at least one group of crystals obviously larger than another group.\" rel=\"tooltip\" class=\"tooltipred\">porphyritic<\/span> with larger grey-white plagioclase feldspar in a groundmass of grey quartz, black biotite and a small amount of pink, partially kaolinised, potassic feldspar. <\/p>\n<p>The red granite is from Finland and is distinctive and instantly recognisable. It is called <strong style=\"color:darkgreen\">Balmoral Granite<\/strong> and it comes from Kurpi Quarry and others, near Turku in Vehmaa, SW Finland. Composed of bright red feldspar and smoky quartz, biotite and hornblende, this stone is one of the so-called rapakivi granites, a variety called pyterlite. It is an ancient stone too, over 1.5 billion years old. Industrial-scale quarrying began on the Vehmaa peninsula in 1903 and the granite is still actively quarried today and remains very popular as an ornamental stone. <\/p>\n<p><em>Cross over Broad Street to the complex of buildings around Regency Wharf.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/05.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"489\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-2022\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/05.jpg 400w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/05-123x150.jpg 123w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/05-245x300.jpg 245w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><strong id=\"09\">9. Sculpture: Inner Spirit<\/strong><br \/>\nThis public artwork is installed in a walkway to Regency Wharf, between the Regency Hyatt Hotel and Wetherspoon&#8217;s pub. Entitled \u2018Inner Spirit\u2019 it is by sculptor Amanda Brisbane and was erected in 2001. The sculpture is composed of a column of blue glass roundels, flanked by monolithic slabs of <strong style=\"color:darkgreen\">Welsh Heather Slate<\/strong>. The slabs of stone are fresh from the quarry and have not been further worked following extraction. They have naturally broken along the cleavage and joint planes which form planar surfaces. The joint surfaces are distinguished by the fine, feather-like ridges on their surfaces and this sculpture will have interest to structural geologists. This feature is indeed known as <em>plumose structure<\/em> and forms as joints propagate through a rock. The direction of propagation goes in the direction of the feather, from its origin at the base of the \u2018feather\u2019 until we run out of rock to fracture at the tip of the \u2018feather\u2019. On the large slab of Inner Spirit, joint propagation is from top to bottom as indicated by the arrow on the photograph (left).<div id=\"attachment_2112\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/P1160410.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2112\" src=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/P1160410-300x285.jpg\" alt=\"&#039;Inner Spirit&#039; feathering\" width=\"300\" height=\"285\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2112\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/P1160410-300x285.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/P1160410-150x143.jpg 150w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/P1160410.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2112\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8216;Inner Spirit&#8217; feathering<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>The variety of slate used here is dark purple in colour and is the variety known as \u2018Heather Slate\u2019. It has numerous small, pale grey-green reduction spots. This makes this instantly recognisable as slate derived from the Cambrian Slate Belt of North Wales which runs SW-NE from Nantlle, through Llanberis to Bethesda. The slate is Lower Cambrian in age and has been metamorphosed to <span title=\"Greenschists are metamorphic rocks that formed under the lowest temperatures and pressures usually produced by regional metamorphism, typically 300\u2013450 \u00b0C and 2\u201310 kilobars.\" rel=\"tooltip\" class=\"tooltipred\">greenschist<\/span> facies, during which it was subjected to homogeneous strain which developed a strong cleavage. This has made this stone world-famous as a roofing slate. The colour is imparted by iron and titanium oxides and reduced forms of iron oxides in the spots. The only active quarry producing this slate is Penrhyn near Bethesda and this is therefore the likely origin of this stone. The quarry has been in production since the 13th Century and is currently operated by Welsh Slate.<br \/>\n&nbsp;<br \/>\n<em>Next door to Inner Spirit is a rather drab-looking building, housing the local branch of the public house chain Wetherspoon&#8217;s.<\/em> <\/p>\n<p><strong id=\"10\">10. Wetherspoon\u2019s: The Soloman Cutler<\/strong><br \/>\n<div id=\"attachment_2026\" style=\"width: 634px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/06.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2026\" src=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/06.jpg\" alt=\"Fossil debris in Candeeiros Limestone\" width=\"624\" height=\"280\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2026\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/06.jpg 624w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/06-150x67.jpg 150w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/06-300x135.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2026\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fossil debris in Candeeiros Limestone on Wetherspoon\u2019s The Soloman Cutler pub.<\/p><\/div>This (typically) large hostelry is no architectural gem, with large glass frontages and ceramic cladding on the Broad Street fa\u00e7ade. The pub stands on the site of Pearce &#038; Cutler\u2019s Glassworks, founded by Soloman Cutler in 1854. The windowless block at the eastern end of the building is clad in what appears, at first glance, to be concrete. However it is faced with an ivory-coloured oolitic limestone. Closer inspection shows that this stone is very worthy of closer geological examination. It is rich in fossil debris, mainly sections through bivalve shells and <span title=\"The class Echinoidea constitute sea urchins with their close kin, such as sand dollars.\" rel=\"tooltip\" class=\"tooltipred\">echinoid<\/span> spines and the ooids are just visible to the naked eye, especially at the corner of the building where damage reveals a rough surface and the ooids stand out. This is one of the Middle Jurassic Limestones of the Portuguese Lusitanian Basin. A very large number of similar stones are quarried in the region around Santar\u00e9m in Estremadura, and this is probably <strong style=\"color:darkgreen\">Candeeiros Limestone<\/strong> from Porto de Mos.<br \/>\n<div id=\"attachment_4181\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4181\" src=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1200265cut-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Verde Candeias\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4181\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1200265cut-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1200265cut-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1200265cut-150x113.jpg 150w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1200265cut-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1200265cut.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-4181\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Soloman Cutler, \u2018schollen\u2019 inclusion in Verde Candeias.<\/p><\/div><br \/>\nThe socle of this building is also of geological interest. It is a metamorphic rock, <strong style=\"color:darkgreen\">Verde Candeias<\/strong>, a green gneiss-<span title=\"Migmatite is a rock that is a mixture of metamorphic rock and igneous rock. It is created when a metamorphic rock such as gneiss partially melts, and then that melt recrystallizes into an igneous rock, creating a mixture of the unmelted metamorphic part with the recrystallized igneous part.\" rel=\"tooltip\" class=\"tooltipred\">migmatite<\/span>. This is the oldest rock we will encounter on this walk, being 2.75 billion years old. It is quarried from the Campo Belo Metamorphic Complex in Minas Gerais, Brazil, part of the S\u00e3o Francisco Craton. These rocks are <span title=\"Orthogneiss designates a gneiss derived from an igneous rock.\" rel=\"tooltip\" class=\"tooltipred\">orthogneisses<\/span> derived from 3 billion year old <span title=\"A protolith is the original, unmetamorphosed rock from which a given metamorphic rock is formed.\" rel=\"tooltip\" class=\"tooltipred\">protoliths<\/span>. The major minerals are quartz, plagioclase and pyroxene and the green colour is imparted by chlorite and epidote. For a better view of this stone, walk along Broad Street past Wetherspoons, turn left and walk a short way along Regency Wharf. This face of the building shows Verde Candeias in all its glory. The prominent black inclusions are &#8216;schollen&#8217; rafts. These are patches of the migmatite melt (the palaeosome) which remain intact and float as &#8216;rafts&#8217; as the rest of the melt (the neosome) continues to evolve during the process of metamorphism.  (These are not to be confused with &#8216;xenoliths&#8217; which are intact chunks of original or &#8216;country&#8217; rock which have fallen into the magma but have retained their identity.)<br \/>\n&nbsp;<br \/>\n<em>Cross over the road, and walk on to the Celebrity Restaurant.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong id=\"11\">11. Celebrity Restaurant<\/strong><div id=\"attachment_2075\" style=\"width: 235px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/P1140249.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2075\" src=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/P1140249-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"Celebrity Restaurant\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2075\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/P1140249-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/P1140249-113x150.jpg 113w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/P1140249.jpg 468w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2075\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Celebrity Restaurant<\/p><\/div>The doorway of this Indian Restaurant is the main point of geological interest here. Like many of the buildings in this area, this is brick built. However there is a grand Victorian entrance in dressed stone. The small columns are <strong style=\"color:darkgreen\">Peterhead Granite<\/strong>. These are a little weathered and are losing their high polish, however the medium-grained mosaic of grey quartz and pink feldspar, with flecks of biotite is obvious when looking closely. Also look out for the rounded enclaves of a fine-grained, more mafic igneous rock, which are characteristic of this stone. Peterhead is a Caledonian, post-tectonic granite, intruded at 406Ma. It is quarried on the coast, North of Aberdeen and was one of the most popular decorative stones of the Victorian era. <\/p>\n<p>A buff-coloured, <strong style=\"color:darkgreen\">Carboniferous sandstone<\/strong> is used for the dressings around the doorway, the foundations and the delicate carving in the arch. The stone is cross-bedded and these structures can be seen in the blocks flanking the keystone of the arch. Like the stone used on the plinth of Edward VII, these stones are hard to provenance out of their geological context and without further architectural documentation. It could be Darley Dale Stone or one of the many other sandstones sourced in North Wales, the Midlands or Northern England. <\/p>\n<p><em>Walk 2 continues on the next page&#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"center\">\n<ul class=\"pagination\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-11\">Trail 1<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"pagination\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-21\">\u276e Previous<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-21\">2.1<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"active\" href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-22\">2.2<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-23\">2.3<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-23\">Next \u276f<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"pagination\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-31\">Trail 3<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<br \/>\nReferences can be found on the last page of the walk (2.3).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Birmingham Building Stones Trails &nbsp; Trail 1 \u276e Previous 2.1 2.2 2.3 Next \u276f Trail 3 Trail 2: Centenary Square to Brindleyplace continued &nbsp; We turn our attention now to the paving and furniture used in the refurbished Centenary Square. <span class=\"excerpt-dots\">&hellip;<\/span> <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/local-geology\/building-stone-trails\/birmingham-trail-22\/\"><span class=\"more-msg\">Continue reading &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1713,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_mc_calendar":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1986","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1986","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1986"}],"version-history":[{"count":115,"href":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1986\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4509,"href":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1986\/revisions\/4509"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1713"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1986"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}