{"id":1945,"date":"2017-01-29T14:44:49","date_gmt":"2017-01-29T14:44:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/?page_id=1945"},"modified":"2025-08-16T11:14:37","modified_gmt":"2025-08-16T11:14:37","slug":"birmingham-trail-21","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/local-geology\/building-stone-trails\/birmingham-trail-21\/","title":{"rendered":"Birmingham Trail 2.1"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Birmingham Building Stones Trails<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"center\">\n<ul class=\"pagination\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-11\">Trail 1<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"pagination\">\n<li><a class=\"disabled\" href=\"#\">\u276e Previous<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"active\" href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-21\">2.1<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-22\">2.2<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-23\">2.3<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-22\">Next \u276f<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"pagination\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-31\">Trail 3<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>References cited in the text are listed at the end of the trail. Hover over words in <span title=\"Red colour has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620\u2013740 nanometers.\" rel=\"tooltip\" class=\"tooltipred\">red<\/span> (or click if you have no mouse) to see a definition (usually taken from Wikipedia). The stone varieties shown in <strong style=\"color:darkgreen\">green<\/strong> in the trail text can be found in our <a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/local-geology\/building-stone-trails\/index-of-stones\/\">Index of Stones<\/a>. The index also shows some of the buildings where the stones can be found and gives reference information about the stones.<\/em><\/p>\n<h4>Trail 2: Centenary Square to Brindleyplace<\/h4>\n<p>This area of central Birmingham has undergone significant redevelopment over the last two decades. Centenary Square, the focus of many exercises, realised and imagined, of civic centre planning is dominated by Symphony Hall and new Library of Birmingham (by Francine Houben and completed in 2013) and the areas west of Gas Street Basin are unrecognisable today from the derelict industrial remains and factories that were here in the 1970s and 80s. Centenary Square&#8217;s most recent redevelopment was opened in 2019. Now this region is a thriving cultural and business centre. 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Brunswick Street&lt;\/a&gt;'));window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.markers.push( marker );\n        });<\/script>\n<script>\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin || [];\nwindow.WPLeafletMapPlugin.push(function WPLeafletMarkerShortcode() {\/*<script>*\/\nvar map = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentMap();\nvar group = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getCurrentGroup();\nvar marker_options = window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.getIconOptions({\"title\":\"16. Central Square, Brindleyplace\",\"iconUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/bcgs.info\\\/pub\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/pins\\\/StarForMap16.png\"});\nvar marker = L.marker(\n    [52.47822,-1.91365],\n    marker_options\n);\nvar is_image = map.is_image_map;\nif (marker_options.draggable) {\n    marker.on('dragend', function () {\n        var latlng = this.getLatLng();\n        var lat = latlng.lat;\n        var lng = latlng.lng;\n        if (is_image) {\n            console.log('leaflet-marker y=' + lat + ' x=' + lng);\n        } else {\n            console.log('leaflet-marker lat=' + lat + ' lng=' + lng);\n        }\n    });\n}\nmarker.addTo( group );\nmarker.bindPopup(window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.unescape('&lt;a href=https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-23\/#16&gt;16. Central Square, Brindleyplace&lt;\/a&gt;'));window.WPLeafletMapPlugin.markers.push( marker );\n        });<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The main source on architecture, unless otherwise cited is Pevsner\u2019s Architectural Guide (Foster, 2007) and information on public artworks is largely derived from Noszlopy &#038; Waterhouse (2007). This is the second part in a three-part series of guides to the building stones of Birmingham City Centre, produced for the Black Country Geological Society.<\/p>\n<p><div id=\"attachment_4171\" style=\"width: 810px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4171\" src=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/20200913_155030cut-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"The Hall of Memory, Centenary Square\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-large wp-image-4171\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/20200913_155030cut-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/20200913_155030cut-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/20200913_155030cut-150x113.jpg 150w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/20200913_155030cut-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/20200913_155030cut-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/20200913_155030cut-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-4171\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hall of Memory, Centenary Square<\/p><\/div><em>The walk starts at the eastern end of Centenary Square, at the Hall of Memory.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong id=\"01\">1. Hall of Memory<\/strong><br \/>\nA memorial to those who lost their lives in the Great War, The Hall of Memory has a prominent position in the Gardens of Centenary Square. It is an octagonal building in the Doric order, with a pedimented entrance portico and a domed roof. It was completed in 1925 by architects S. N. Cooke and W. N. Twist. The bronze sculpture is by Albert Toft. The main building is in white <strong style=\"color:darkgreen\">Portland Stone<\/strong>. This is arguably Britain\u2019s most iconic building stone and indeed it has been the stone of choice for the construction of war memorials and commonwealth war graves throughout the world, and is therefore a fitting choice for the Hall of Memory. Portland Stone comes from the Isle of Portland, a peninsula on the Dorset Coast which is now riddled with quarries and underground mines for the stone. The Portland Limestones are late Jurassic in age, deposited around 150<span title=\"Megaannum (Ma), one million years.\" rel=\"tooltip\" class=\"tooltipred\">Ma<\/span> in the Tithonian Stage (known locally as the Portlandian). The building stones are known as the Freestone Member of the Portland Limestone Formation and are subdivided into the three main bed quarries as building stone, the Basebed, Whitbed and Roach. It is <strong style=\"color:darkgreen\">Portland Stone Whitbed<\/strong> that we see here and this is the most commonly used variety of Portland Stone. Whitbed is an <span title=\"Oolite (egg stone) is a sedimentary rock formed from ooids, spherical grains composed of concentric layers.\" rel=\"tooltip\" class=\"tooltipred\">oolitic<\/span> limestone, and the tiny, spherical ooids are clearly visible using a hand lens. These tell us that this stone formed as a sediment in a warm, shallow tropical sea, where the tidal currents were able to roll sand grains backwards and forwards as they became coated with calcium carbonate. There is evidence of life in the seas too, in the form of shells. These can be seen as grey fossils standing slightly proud of the surface. The majority of these are species of oyster shells, mainly from <em>Liostrea<\/em> sp. and the spiny oyster <em>Spondylus<\/em> sp. Spiny oysters had barbs projecting off their shells, enabling them to anchor themselves in the sediment. Articulated shells of spiny oysters are not uncommon here. <\/p>\n<p>The foundations of the Hall of Memory are in <strong style=\"color:darkgreen\">Cornish Granite<\/strong>. This is a grey, coarse-grained granite with two micas present; the black variety, biotite and silvery muscovite which sparkles in the sunshine. Also present are randomly orientated white feldspars, around 15mm in length. This is probably the variety of Cornish Granite from Carnsew in the Carnmenellis Pluton, one of the <span title=\"A pluton is a body of intrusive igneous rock (called a plutonic rock) that is crystallized from magma slowly cooling below the surface of the Earth. Plutons include batholiths, stocks, dikes, sills, laccoliths, lopoliths, and other igneous bodies.\" rel=\"tooltip\" class=\"tooltipred\">plutons<\/span> of the Cornubian <span title=\"A batholith is a large emplacement of igneous intrusive (also called plutonic) rock that forms from cooled magma deep in the Earth's crust. Batholiths are almost always made mostly of felsic or intermediate rock-types, such as granite, quartz monzonite, or diorite.\" rel=\"tooltip\" class=\"tooltipred\">Batholith<\/span>, which was intruded at the end of the Variscan mountain building event in the early Permian period, 299-275Ma. The majority of the Cornubian granites of Cornwall are two-mica granites and this makes them distinctive as building stones.<br \/>\n<div id=\"attachment_4177\" style=\"width: 961px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4177\" src=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/0320200221_102703.jpg\" alt=\"Cornish Granite and Portland Whitbed\" width=\"951\" height=\"310\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4177\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/0320200221_102703.jpg 951w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/0320200221_102703-300x98.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/0320200221_102703-150x49.jpg 150w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/0320200221_102703-768x250.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 951px) 100vw, 951px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-4177\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cornish Granite with both muscovite and biotite mica (left) and Portland Whitbed with oyster fossils (right). This combination of stones is seen on the Hall of Memory, Baskerville House &#038; The Exchange \u2013 University of Birmingham (originally the Birmingham Municipal Trading Bank).<\/p><\/div><em>Turning north from the Hall of Memory is Baskerville House and a memorial to the eponymous letter setter and printer.<\/em><br \/>\n<div id=\"attachment_2092\" style=\"width: 426px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/P1160398.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2092\" src=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/P1160398.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"416\" height=\"624\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2092\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/P1160398.jpg 416w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/P1160398-100x150.jpg 100w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/P1160398-200x300.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 416px) 100vw, 416px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2092\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Baskerville House and Baskerville Memorial<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n<p><strong id=\"02\">2. Baskerville Memorial<\/strong><br \/>\nThis is a memorial to the letter founder John Baskerville (1706-1775) who lived in the vicinity of what is now Centenary Square from 1748-1775. The full title of the memorial is \u2018Monument to John Baskerville \u2013 Industry and Genius\u2019. It is by David Patten and Michael P. House and represents letter punches, which spell out the word Virgil; a volume of Virgil\u2019s poetry being the first book that Baskerville printed in 1757. The letters and inscriptions are in bronze, but once again <strong style=\"color:darkgreen\">Portland Whitbed<\/strong> is used to construct the monument. This too has many broken fragments of oyster shell but also contains the floret-like heads of a reef forming algae, <em>Solenopora portlandia<\/em> which was endemic in the Portland seas. Fragments of <em>S. portlandia<\/em> observed here have broken off the reef and have accumulated in amongst the shell debris. <\/p>\n<p><strong id=\"03\">3. Baskerville House<\/strong><br \/>\nBaskerville House, designed by T. Cecil Howitt and completed in 1940, dominates this end of Centenary Square. Like The Hall of Memory, it too is built from <strong style=\"color:darkgreen\">Portland Whitbed<\/strong> on foundations of <strong style=\"color:darkgreen\">Cornish Granite<\/strong>, again, probably Carnsew or a similar type. Indeed this was the intention, to continue the theme of the stones used in the Hall of Memory. The <span title=\"Ashlar is finely dressed (cut, worked) masonry, either an individual stone that has been worked until squared or the masonry built of such stone.\" rel=\"tooltip\" class=\"tooltipred\">ashlar<\/span> masonry on the ground floor has been rusticated to give the appearance of greater \u2018weightiness\u2019 to the Portland Stone in this portion of the building. The intricate carving on the arms and garlands above the main doorway demonstrate the versatility of <strong style=\"color:darkgreen\">Portland Basebed<\/strong> as a decorative stone. Basebed contains far fewer fossils than Whitbed and this coupled with no string partings makes it an excellent \u2018freestone\u2019 that can be cut and carved in any direction. Above the doorway, the upper stories are in fine, smooth ashlar masonry. The apse above the doorway is fronted by ionic columns and the half-dome has a coffered ceiling. <\/p>\n<p><div id=\"attachment_4173\" style=\"width: 214px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4173\" src=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1200252cut-523x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Statue of Edward VII\" width=\"204\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-large wp-image-4173\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1200252cut-523x1024.jpg 523w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1200252cut-153x300.jpg 153w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1200252cut-77x150.jpg 77w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1200252cut-768x1502.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1200252cut-785x1536.jpg 785w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1200252cut-1047x2048.jpg 1047w, https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-content\/uploads\/P1200252cut-scaled.jpg 1309w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 204px) 100vw, 204px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-4173\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Statue of Edward VII<\/p><\/div><strong id=\"04\">4. Statue of Edward VII<\/strong><br \/>\nA regal statue of King Edward VII stands at the east end of Centenary Square. The spectacular plinth, adorned with bronzes is of sandstone, whereas Edward himself, sadly too high up for close examination, is in white marble. An Upper <strong style=\"color:darkgreen\">Carboniferous sandstone<\/strong> is used for the plinth; it is a medium grained, quartz- rich sandstone, an <span title=\"Arenite is a sedimentary clastic rock with sand grain size between 0.0625 mm and 2 mm and contain less than 15% matrix.\" rel=\"tooltip\" class=\"tooltipred\">arenite<\/span>. Evidence of <span title=\"Liesegang bands are coloured bands of cement observed in sedimentary rocks that typically cut across bedding. These secondary sedimentary structures exhibit bands of minerals that are arranged in a regular repeating pattern. Liesegang bands are distinguishable from other sedimentary structures by their concentric or ring-like appearance.\" rel=\"tooltip\" class=\"tooltipred\">liesegang banding<\/span>, can be seen on the east-facing side of the plinth. The provenance of this stone is unknown, but many sandstones of this type are sourced from quarries in the Millstone Grit Group of the Lancashire and West Yorkshire Pennines. <\/p>\n<p>It is not possible to ascertain the precise variety of marble used in the sculpture of Edward VII. Not only is it above eye-level, but all white marbles look pretty much the same. However this appears to be a pure white, without any grey streaks. The main source of statuary marble in the early 20th Century was Carrara in Tuscany, Italy and this is by far the most likely provenance of the stone used here. These marbles formed from earlier limestones which were uplifted during the Alpine Orogeny around 30Ma. Various grades of statuary marble <em>\u2018statuario\u2019<\/em> were extracted from the Tuscan quarries. One variety which was often used by the British Royal Family was called <em>\u2018Campanile\u2019<\/em>; it was a particularly tough marble which rang like a bell when hit with a hammer.<\/p>\n<p><em>Walk 2 continues on the next page&#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"center\">\n<ul class=\"pagination\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-11\">Trail 1<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"pagination\">\n<li><a class=\"disabled\" href=\"#\">\u276e Previous<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"active\" href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-21\">2.1<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-22\">2.2<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-23\">2.3<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-22\">Next \u276f<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"pagination\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/birmingham-trail-31\">Trail 3<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<br \/>\nReferences can be found on the last page of the walk (2.3).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Birmingham Building Stones Trails &nbsp; Trail 1 \u276e Previous 2.1 2.2 2.3 Next \u276f Trail 3 References cited in the text are listed at the end of the trail. Hover over words in red (or click if you have no <span class=\"excerpt-dots\">&hellip;<\/span> <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/local-geology\/building-stone-trails\/birmingham-trail-21\/\"><span class=\"more-msg\">Continue reading &rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1713,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_mc_calendar":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1945","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1945","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1945"}],"version-history":[{"count":72,"href":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1945\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4551,"href":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1945\/revisions\/4551"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1713"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bcgs.info\/pub\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1945"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}